Punnett Square Calculator

Each parent's genotype splits into two possible gametes (alleles). Every gamete from Parent 1 is paired with every gamete from Parent 2 in a 2×2 grid, giving 4 equally likely offspring genotype combinations.

Crossing two heterozygotes (Aa × Aa) under complete dominance gives genotypes 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa, but phenotypes 3 dominant : 1 recessive, since both AA and Aa show the dominant trait.

In incomplete dominance, heterozygotes show a blended intermediate phenotype (e.g. red × white flowers → pink). In codominance, heterozygotes express both alleles fully and simultaneously (e.g. AB blood type).

No — they're probabilities that hold on average over many offspring. Any single offspring has its own independent chance, regardless of what siblings inherited.